Biosorption of Dye using Lawsonia sp. as adsorbent

 

S. Sharmila*, M. Dinesh, E. Kowsalya, R. Kamalambigeswari, L. Jeyanthi Rebecca

Department of Industrial Biotechnology, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai-600073.

 

ABSTRACT:

In dyes were obtained mostly from inorganic sources and some very expensive organic dyes were obtained from natural sources. These dyes are highly toxic when they disposed in to environment without any treatment. In this work, carbonized Lawsonia sp. were used as an adsorbent for reducing the colour of malachite green dye with various pH such as 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 and temperature such as 4^oC, 24^oC and 50^oC for 30 min. Different dye concentrations and adsorbent dosages were also carried out to find out optimum level. Results showed that, maximum adsorption was obtained at pH 7 at 24^oC for physically activated carbon. For chemically activated carbon, it was found to be 5 pH and 24^oC in which maximum adsorption was achieved. Optimum adsorbent dosage was estimated as 2g/100 ml of dye solution for both physically and chemically activated carbon and the dye concentration was found to be 0.1µg/ml.

 

 

 

INTRODUCTION:

Dyes are widely used in various industries such as textile, leather, paper, printing, food, cosmetics, paint, pigments, petroleum, solvent, rubber, plastic, pesticide, wood preserving chemicals, and pharmaceutical industry. Over 10,000 of different commercial dyes and pigments exist currently and more than 79-105 tonnes are produced annually worldwide. Discharge of dye-bearing wastewaters into the natural environment from textile, paper and leather industries causes a serious threat for the aquatic life. On the other hand, limited aquatic resources and increasing demand for safe water require efficient water treatment methods. Synthetic dyes are generally resistant to biodegradation and physicochemical techniques for their removal, such as adsorption, chemical oxidation, electrocoagulation and advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) have been extensively used to comply with more and more stringent legislation regarding the maximum allowable dye concentration in wastewaters. Many recent studies have been focused on the development of efficient processes for the recovery of these organic contaminants from the effluents of textile industries^1-3.

 

Dyes can also cause allergic dermatitis and skin irritation. Some of them have been reported to be carcinogenic and mutagenic for aquatic organisms⁴. It has been reported that the adsorption technique provides a potential for the removal of dyes from aqueous solutions⁵. Adsorptive potential of pectin and cellulose-rich mango peel waste was also used as a new, inexpensive and environment-friendly adsorbent material for treating dyes from aqueous solutions⁶. The adsorption of methylene blue and malachite green on chemically treated Psidium Guava leaves was found to be endothermic⁷. Adsorption characteristics of the dye, brilliant Green, on neem leaf powder was studied by Krishna G. Bhattacharyya and Arunima Sarma⁸. Plant leaf powder was also used as an effective adsorbent for reducing color from the dye⁹.

 

MATERIALS AND METHODS:

Collection of materials

Leaves of Lawsonia sp. were collected from Bharath Institute of Higher Education and research campus located at Selaiyur, Chennai, Tamil Nadu (Fig.1,2) (Table.1).

 

Analysis of moisture:

Ten gm of fresh leaves are taken and well washed with water, then they are kept in hot air oven at 100ºc for 30 minutes, after complete drying, final weight of leaves were measured.

 

                            ((Initial weight – final weight)

Percentage =   ----------------------------------------- X 100

moisture                         (Initial weight)

 

Carbonization method:

The leaves were washed thoroughly with water and then dried for 1 hour in hot air oven to remove the moisture content from the leaves. After the drying process, the leaves were powdered thoroughly. Then known amount of dried powder was treated with 1ml of HCl to make it chemically activated. Another portion of powder was not activated chemically. These two portions of powder was kept in the muffle furnace at 1800^oC for 1 hour to convert it into carbon. After carbonization, carbon particles were ground finely and sieved at 120 mesh to attain particle size of 125μm (Fig.3)

 

Table. 1 Simple Notations of Adsorbent

S. No.	Detail	Notation
1	Physically Activated Carbon	PAC
2	Chemically Activated Carbon	CAC
3	Fresh Leaf Powder	FLP

 

Preparation of stock dye solution:

0.01gm of malachite green dye was dissolved in 1000ml of distilled water.

 

Preparation of working dye solution:

Working solution was prepared by taking 10ml, 25ml, 50ml and 100ml from stock solution and was made in to 100ml by adding distilled water.

 

Biosorption of dye:

Hundred milliliter of working dye solution was taken in a conical flask and different dosage of adsorbent such as 1g, 0.01g and 2g of FLP, PAC and CAC was added to it. After 30 min of adsorption, percentage reduction in colour was analysed.

 

Optimization of concentration of dye

Biosorption of dye with different dye concentration such as 0.01μg/ml, 0.025μg/ml, 0.05μg/ml, 0.1μg/ml was analysed.

 

Optimization of adsorbent dosage:

Biosorption of dye with different dosage of adsorbent such as 1g, 0.01g, and 2g were analysed.

 

Optimization OF Ph:

Biosorption of dye with different pH such as 5,6,7,8 and 9 was analysed.

 

Optimization of temperature:

Biosorption of dye with different temperature such as 4^oC, 24^oC and 50^oC was estimated.

 

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION:

Synthetic dyes are used in textile industries for dyeing natural and synthetic fibers. Discharge of effluent without treatment has an adverse effect on aquatic environment. Biosorption is the common technique which has been used for treating effluent. In this work, biosorption of malachite green dye using Lawsonia sp. as adsorbent showed good reduction in colour.

 

Effect of adsorbent dosage

Table.2 Percentage reduction in color with CAC adsorbent

Volume of dye (ml)	Concentration of dye (μg/ml)	Dosage of adsorbent (gm)	Initial OD	Final OD	% Reduction
10	0.01	1	0.02	0.01	50
25	0.025		0.03	0.02	33.3
50	0.05		0.05	0.01	80
100	0.1		0.11	0.02	82
10	0.01	0.01	0.02	0.02	0
25	0.025		0.03	0.01	66.66
50	0.05		0.05	0.01	80
100	0.1		0.09	0.04	55.55
10	0.01	2	0.02	0.01	50
25	0.025		0.03	0.01	66.66
50	0.05		0.05	0.01	80
100	0.1		0.10	0.01	90

 

Various adsorbents dosage have been analysed and maximum reduction was found to be 2g in case of CAC (90%) (Table.1,2,3).

 

Table.3 Percentage reduction in color with PAC adsorbent

Volume of dye (ml)	Concentration of dye (μg/ml)	Dosage of adsorbent (gm)	Initial OD	Final OD	% Reduction
10	0.01	1	0.01	0.01	0
25	0.025		0.02	0.01	50
50	0.05		0.04	0.02	50
100	0.1		0.06	0.01	83.33
10	0.01	0.01	0.01	0.01	0
25	0.025		0.02	0.01	50
50	0.05		0.03	0.01	66.66
100	0.1		0.07	0.02	71.42
10	0.01	2	0.01	0.01	0
25	0.025		0.02	0.01	50
50	0.05		0.03	0.01	66.66
100	0.1		0.08	0.01	87.5

In case of physically activated carbon, the optimum adsorbent dosage was found to be 2g followed by 1g and least dosage was found to be 0.01g and optimum concentration of dye was found to be 0.1μg/ml for both CAC and PAC. (Table.2,3).

 

Effect of pH on adsorption

Table.4 Percentage reduction in color with 2gm PAC and CAC adsorbent

pH	Adsorbent	Initial OD	Final OD	% Reduction
5	PAC	0.13	0.01	92
6		0.03	0.01	67
7		0.02	0.00	100
8		0.02	0.01	50
9		0.02	0.01	50
5	CAC	0.14	0.01	93
6		0.11	0.01	91
7		0.11	0.01	91
8		0.08	0.01	87.5
9		0.07	0.05	28.6

In pH optimization for PAC, pH 7 was found to be the optimum one in which 100% colour reduction was obtained (Table.8) while in case of CAC pH 5 was found to be the optimum one. (93%) (Table.9).

 

Effect of temperature on adsorption

Table.5 Percentage reduction in color with 2gm PAC and CAC adsorbent at pH7

Temperature	Adsorbent	Initial OD	Final OD	% Reduction
4OC	PAC	0.13	0.01	84.61
24OC		0.13	0.01	92.30
50 0c		0.13	0.04	69.23
4OC	CAC	0.03	0.02	84.61
24OC		0.13	0	100
50 0c		0.13	0.04	69.23

Temperature optimization results revealed that at 24^oC, maximum reduction in colour was achieved for both CAC and PAC (Table.4,5).

 

CONCLUSION:

Adsorption is an emerging and useful method for the treatment of effluent. Researchers had found that it is an effective technology to remove toxic material present in the effluent. Many adsorbent materials has been commercialized to treat toxic dye. In this work, carbonized Lawsonia species were used as an effective adsorbent to reduce the colour of malachite green dye. It could reduce 100% colour at pH 7 with 2gm adsorbent dosage. Since these Lawsonia sp are present abundantly and are used only as ornamental purposes, these are found to be a low cost adsorbent to remove the colour of dye. In future, further more studies may be carried out to treat dye effluent and other parameters may be optimized for getting 100% efficient adsorption.

 

REFERENCES:

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9.      Sharmila S, Jeyanthi Rebecca L and Kowsalya E. Biosorption of methyl orange by moringa oleifera – a green approach. International Journal of Pharmacy and Technology. 2015; 7(2): 8914-8918

 

 

 

Received on 28.06.2019         Modified on 05.09.2019

Accepted on 05.10.2019         © RJPT All right reserved